Introduction
Australia, known for its vast landscapes and unique biodiversity, is one of the world’s largest emitters of greenhouse gases, and is responsible for a large proportion of global climate change.
Climate change has been a catastrophic challenge for the world, shading a serious impact on environment and economy of Australia, too. Now this country is running in the face of alarming threats due to its greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). The country gets warming at twice the global average temperature, and is experiencing more extreme weather events, such as heatwaves, bushfires, floods, and droughts.
Along with the fossil fuels, the international scientific community accepts that increases in greenhouse gases due to human activity have been the dominant cause of observed global warming since the mid-20th century.
People suffers the impact of Climate change in their day-to-day life. Continued emissions of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and changes in all components of the ecological system.
Australian Govt. has taken several initiatives against the GHG including several incentives, VEU scheme to inspire the people diverting towards the energy efficient HVAC Appliances, Solar Energy, heat pump rebate etc. as it is the prime time to protect our beloved planet.
Brief Scenario of Climate Change on Human Health
World Health Organization (Fact Sheet WHO) has recently acknowledged the Climate change as one of the most vital health threats to humanity. It can impact human health by functioning as a syndemic, exacerbating pre-existing chronic conditions and interacting with social determinants of health, thereby intensifying existing health disparities.
The release of greenhouse gases (GHG) into the atmosphere is one of the main driving-force behind the ongoing global temperature increase on at large.
Currently, the average global temperature surpasses the preindustrial era by more than 1.2 °C. This trend is unlikely to cease in the near future.
This escalation has led to a rise in the frequency and intensity of extreme atmospheric events and natural calamities, including heatwaves, floods, droughts, and forest fires, posing grave threats to human health and wildlife existence.
To avert catastrophic health impacts and prevent millions of climate change-related deaths, the world must limit temperature rise to 1.5°C. Though, this limit is not considered safe, however; every additional tenth of a degree of warming will take a serious toll on people’s lives and health.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Australia
Greenhouse gas emissions in Australia have been increasing since the 1990s, and are now among the highest in the world. According to the June 2023 update, Australia emitted 465.2 million tons of CO₂ equivalent, which marked a 0.8 per cent increase as compared to June 2022.
Analysis finds that Australia still emits more greenhouse gas from burning coal on a per capita basis than other G20 countries despite a significant rise in solar and wind energy.
The main sources of greenhouse gas emissions in Australia are from burning fossil fuels for electricity generation (31%), transport (21%), industry (19%), agriculture (16%), and residential and commercial buildings (13%). Other sources include land clearing, and waste disposal.
As the owners and operators of three of the largest coal-burning power stations in the country, they were acting as a dam wall to a flood of renewable energy into Australia. A warm climate results in high use of air conditioning which is also a big reason of further gas emission.
This continued gas emissions are projected to increase by 27% by 2030, and by 50% by 2050, if no alternative and effective action is taken immediately to reduce emissions. This is in sheer contrast to Australia’s international commitments under the Paris Agreement, to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 26-28% below 2005 levels by 2030. It aims to limit global warming below 2 degrees Celsius, and to pursue efforts to limit warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius.
The Australian government has a number of policies in place to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, including the Emissions Reduction Fund, the Clean Energy Finance Corporation, and the Renewable Energy Target, VEU Program etc.
However, these policies are not enough to meet Australia’s international commitments, and further changes will need to be supported by government policies and incentives, as well as public awareness and support.
Public Opinion on Climate Change in Australia
Public opinion on climate change in Australia has been tracked by various surveys since the 1990s. In general, Australians have become increasingly concerned about climate change over time, with a majority now believing that it is a serious threat. However, there is still some variation in public opinion on climate change, with some people being more skeptical about the science than others.
In a 2021 survey by the Australian National University, 61% of respondents agreed that climate change is a serious threat, while 32% disagreed. The same survey found that 68% of respondents believe that Australia should take action to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions, while 28% disagree.
There are a number of factors that have influenced public opinion on climate change in Australia. These include:
- The increasing frequency and severity of extreme weather events, such as heat waves, floods, and droughts
- The scientific evidence of climate change
- The political debate on climate change
- The media coverage of climate change
Public opinion on climate change is an important factor in shaping government policy on climate change. As public concern about climate change has increased, so has the pressure on governments to take action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
The Australian government has committed to reducing its greenhouse gas emissions by 26-28% below 2005 levels by 2030. However, it is still unclear whether the government will be able to meet this target.
The future of climate change policy in Australia will depend in large part on the continued evolution of public opinion on climate change. If public concern about climate change continues to grow, it is likely that the government will be forced to take more ambitious action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Causes of Climate Change in Australia
The main cause of climate change in Australia is the burning of fossil fuels to produce electricity, which releases greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. These gases trap heat, causing the planet to warm.
Additionally, the country’s warm climate leads to high energy consumption for air conditioning, and HVAC System for commercial buildings; while agriculture, particularly methane emissions from livestock, also plays a significant role.
Another surprising fact found in the studies that; climate impacts are the outcome of a chain of processes which begin with human activities largely (explained in the figure below).
Figure: Chain of processes leading from human activities (Stage I) to climate impacts (Stage V)
1. Our activities like driving, using electricity, manufacturing, and farming release greenhouse gases (like carbon dioxide) into the air. (Stage I)
2. These gases trap heat around Earth, causing it to warm up. (Stage II & III)
3. This warming disrupts weather patterns, rain levels, and oceans. (Stage III).
4. As a result, both people and the environment experience the negative effects of climate change. (Stage IV)
Climate Change and the Healthcare Sector: An Australian Perspective
Australia’s healthcare system is a significant contributor to the nation’s greenhouse gas emissions. Of the country’s total carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) emissions, healthcare accounts for a substantial 7%. Here’s a breakdown of the sources:
• Hospital Infrastructure: Hospitals, including their construction and ongoing operations, are responsible for roughly half of all healthcare-related emissions.
• Pharmaceutical Industry: The production and distribution of pharmaceuticals contribute approximately 20% of total healthcare-related CO2e emissions.
• Direct Fuel Emissions: Using gas for hot water and other energy needs within healthcare facilities accounts for 10% of sector-specific emissions.
• Indirect Emissions: The largest portion, nearly 90%, of healthcare-related emissions stems from the industry’s reliance on goods and services from other economic sectors.
Impacts of Climate Change in Australia
It is obvious that due to climate change, Australia is experiencing higher temperatures, more extreme droughts, fire seasons, floods and more extreme weather. Rising sea levels add to the intensity of high-sea-level events and threaten housing and infrastructure. The number of days that break heat records has doubled in the past 50 years. These changes pose significant challenges to the country’s ecosystems, infrastructure, and communities.The impacts of climate change in Australia are already being felt, and are expected to become more severe in the future. Some of the key impacts include:
- Increased heatwaves and droughts
- More frequent and intense bushfires
- Rising sea levels and coastal flooding
- Changes in agricultural yields
- Loss of biodiversity
Apart from greenhouse gas emissions, Australia faces various environmental challenges such as waste management, waterway health, deforestation, extreme weather events, species extinction, agricultural practices, and pollution. Addressing these issues is crucial for the country’s sustainability.
Climate Change and Public Health Concerns in Australia
The iconic protective ozone layer shield is a global issue. As a major greenhouse gas emitter, Australia is experiencing a thinner ozone layer and the effects of a warming planet firsthand. These effects go beyond the well-known natural disasters like bushfires and floods.
This, combined with rising temperatures, has a significant impact on public health.
Climate change is impacting public health in several ways:
• Increased Skin Cancers: Due to a thinning ozone layer (although not a complete “crack”), Australia has some of the highest rates of skin cancer globally. Increased UV radiation exposure due to climate change further elevates this risk.
• Respiratory Problems: Heatwaves and air pollution, worsened by climate change, trigger asthma attacks and other respiratory illnesses.
• Spread of infectious diseases: Warmer temperatures and extreme weather events create ideal breeding grounds for mosquitoes and other disease-carrying insects, increasing the risk of illnesses like dengue fever and Ross River virus.
• Allergy and asthma: Rising temperatures and changing weather patterns contribute to increased pollen levels and air pollution, triggering allergies and asthma attacks.
• Waterborne diseases: Extreme weather events like floods can contaminate water supplies, leading to outbreaks of diseases like diarrhea and
• Mental health issues: The stress and anxiety associated with extreme weather events, natural disasters, and displacement can negatively impact mental health.
Government Policies on Climate Change in Australia
Australia’s Targets for Emission Reduction
The Australian Government has taken the target called “Transition to Net Zero Emissions”; this term is widely understood to mean reducing global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions to ‘net zero’ by 2050; more specifically- 43% reduction below 2005 levels by 2030 and aims to achieve net zero emissions by 2050. The Australian government has a number of policies in place to address climate change. These include.
01. The National Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Target (NEET), which requires Australia to generate 20% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2020.
02. The Clean Energy Finance Corporation (CEFC), which provides financial support for clean energy projects.
03. The Emissions Reduction Fund (ERF), which provides financial incentives for businesses to reduce their emissions.
04. Victorian Energy Upgrade 2024 for releasing quintessential rebates and grants for residential commercial Air Source Heat Pump replacement of the old establishments of HAVAC heating systems.
Agreements and Commitments
In 2019, the Australian government announced a new climate policy, the National Climate Change Framework. This framework sets a target of net zero emissions by 2050. However, the government has not yet released a detailed plan on how it will achieve this target.
The Australian government’s climate policies are likely to have a significant impact on the country’s economy and society. The transition to a low-carbon economy will create new opportunities for businesses and jobs, but it will also pose challenges for some industries. The government’s policies will also need to be fair and equitable, so that no one is left behind.
These targets require a nationwide shift towards a low-carbon economy. This involves improving energy efficiency, adopting renewable energy sources, and utilizing carbon offsets. Key strategies include upgrading the electricity grid for better renewable energy integration, making electric vehicles more affordable, and incentivizing businesses to adopt sustainable practices. This concerted transition is crucial for reducing emissions and minimizing the effects of climate change.
Victorian Energy Upgrade as Government Initiatives to Reduce GHG Emissions
The Victorian Energy Upgrades (VEU) program helps Victorians cut power bills and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Since 2009, the program has supported over 2 million households to upgrade their appliances and equipment. Products include lighting, space heating and cooling, water heating, and draft sealing.
Visit website: https://www.esc.vic.gov.au/victorian-energy-upgrades-program
The Victorian Energy Upgrades (VEU) program offers rebates or discounts on energy-saving products and services for households, such as:
• Lighting
• Hot water systems
• Refrigeration and ventilation fans
• Pool pumps
• heating and cooling
• Water heating
• Draft sealing
• Double glazed windows
• Energy efficient clothes dryers
• High efficiency refrigerators and freezers
• Custom business upgrades
The program also encourages investment, employment, and innovation in industries that supply these products and services. The VEU program regulates participants and products to ensure that consumers receive the benefits of the program.
You can get a discount on a Home Energy Rating Assessment, which can help you understand where to start with your energy efficiency journey.
You can call 1800 000 VEC (832) for general support and assistance with the Victorian Energy Compare website and the Power Saving Bonus program. If you don’t have internet or computer access, you can apply over the phone.
Click the link below to know more about the related topics from our website
01. Who is eligible for the Victorian Energy Upgrade Program?
How Heat Pump Rebate is helpful for in Reducing GHG?
In commercial buildings, heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) typically account for the largest fraction of their operational energy and global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
The International Energy Agency reported that approximately 30 % of the energy consumed globally is attributed to the building sector. The operation of buildings accounts for 26 % of (GHG) emissions, hence, reducing building related energy use and emissions is important for mitigating climate change.
Heat pumps offer a more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional heating and cooling systems, reducing greenhouse gas emissions by up to 70%. Their sustainable operation and low carbon footprint make them a valuable asset in the fight against climate change.
Taking heat from the air or ground in a constant cycle, Air source heat pump is sustainable and renewable, with low or no carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. They release only 80 grams CO2 per kWh delivered heat. While, direct electric heating 256 grams CO2 per kWh delivered heat. So, heat pumps are both eco-friendly and a great heating alternative to help us reach our goal of reaching net zero by 2050.The COP of a heat pump (LINK) is an important factor to consider when choosing a heat pump for your home. A heat pump with a high COP will be more efficient and will save you money on your energy bills.
Read to know more:
International Cooperation on Climate Change
Australia is a signatory to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and has committed to reducing its greenhouse gas emissions by 26-28% below 2005 levels by 2030. Australia is also a member of the Global Climate Action Partnership (GCP), and is working with other countries to develop and implement policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Australia has also been involved in a number of international climate change initiatives, including:
- The Clean Energy Ministerial (CEM)
- The Major Economies Forum on Energy and Climate (MEF)
- The Carbon Pricing Leadership Coalition (CPLC)
- The Climate Action Tracker (CAT)
Australia’s participation in these international initiatives demonstrates its commitment to working with other countries to address the global climate change challenge.
Conclusion
The greenhouse gas emissions and the impacts of climate change indicates a significant challenges that require immediate action. By implementing sustainable practices, transitioning to renewable energy sources, and embracing innovative energy efficient technologies like, solar energy, heat pumps, Australia can work towards a greener and more resilient future for generations to come. It is essential for individuals, businesses, and policymakers to collaborate in addressing these environmental issues and building a more sustainable Australia.
Sources and references:
1. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/piiS2352710223024786#bib1
2.https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/climate-change-and-health#:~:text=Climate%20change%20affects%20food%20availability%2C%20quality%20and,currently%20over%20700%20000%20annually%2C%20may%20rise.
3. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12302-024-00839-3
3.(Figure Source: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=7de28d6128387dcd5555e08b84672dac8b226e24)